Bharatanatyam
- Indian Classical Dance Forms
Bharatanatyam is a popular classical
dance form originating from Tamil Nadu. This popular South Indian
dance form is a 20th century reconstruction of Cathir, the art of temple
dancers. Cathir in turn, is derived from ancient dance forms.
Bharata refers to Bharata Muni, the author of the Natya Shastra,
and natya is Sanskrit for the art of sacred dance - drama brought to the
stage at the beginning of the 20th century.
Bharatanatyam traces its origins to the Natya Shastra written by Bharata
Muni, a Hindu sage. In ancient times it was performed as dasiattam by temple
Devadasis. Many of the ancient sculptures in Hindu temples are based on Bharata
Natyam dance postures karanas. In fact, it is the celestial dancers, apsaras,
who are depicted in many scriptures dancing the heavenly version of what is
known on earth as Bharatanatyam. In the most essential sense, a Hindu deity is a
revered royal guest in his temple/abode, to be offered a standard set of
religious services called Sodasa Upacharas among which are music and dance,
pleasing to the senses. Thus, many Hindu temples traditionally maintained
complements of trained musicians and dancers, as did Indian rulers.
Bharata Natyam as a dance form and carnatic music set to it are deeply grounded
in Bhakti. Bharata Natyam, it is said, is the embodiment of music in visual
form, a ceremony, and an act of devotion. Dance and music are inseparable forms;
only with Sangeetam (words or syllables set to raga or melody) can dance be
conceptualized.
Essential ideas of Bharatanatyam
Bharatanatyam is considered to be a fire-dance — the mystic manifestation
of the metaphysical element of fire in the human body. It is one of the five
major styles (one for each element) that include Odissi (element of water), and
Mohiniattam (element of air). The movements of an authentic Bharatanatyam dancer
resemble the movements of a dancing flame. Contemporary Bharatanatyam is rarely
practiced as Natya Yoga, a sacred meditational tradition, except by a few
orthodox schools (see Yoga and Dance).
Spiritual symbolism
Bharatanatyam is the manifestation of the ancient idea of the celebration of the
eternal universe through the celebration of the beauty of the material body.
Some Bharatanatyam techniques can be traced back to the Kaisiki style. Natya
Shastra (I.44) reads, "... I have seen the Kaisiki style during the dance of the
blue-throated lord (Shiva). It consists of elaborate gestures (Mridu Angaharas,
movements of limbs), sentiments (Rasas), emotional states (Bhavas). Actions (Kriyas)
are its soul. The costume should be charmingly beautiful and love (Sringara) is
its foundation. It cannot be adequately portrayed by men. Except for women, none
can practise it properly".
Apart from the Kaisiki style, Bharatanatyam imbibed some others. These reflect
other yogis spiritual revelations, such as the vision of two sages, Vyagrapada
and Pathanjali in Chidambaram. In Hindu mythology the whole universe is the
dance of the Supreme Dancer, Nataraja, a name for Lord Shiva, the Hindu ascetic
yogi and divine purveyor of destruction of evil. The symbolism of the dance of
Shiva (in the form of Nataraja) is represented by the attitude called "Ananda
Tandavam". Also known as the cosmic dancer, he is here the embodiment and
manifestation of the eternal energy in five activities (panca-kriya): creation,
pouring forth, unfolding; maintenance or duration (sthiti); destruction or
taking back (smhara); concealing, veiling, hiding the transcendental essence
behind the garb of apparations (tirobhava); and favoring, bestowing grace
through a manifestation that accepts the devotee (anugraha). Shiva is depicted
dancing on the dwarfish body of the demon Apasmara purusa, "forgetfulness, loss
of memory" called in Tamil Muyalaka (முயலக) -- who represents ignorance, the
destruction of which brings enlightenment, true wisdom, and release from the
bondage of existences.
Technique
The techniques of Bharatanatyam mainly includes
- Abhinaya - dramatic art of
story-telling in Bharatanatyam
- Nritta - pure dance movements
usually performed as an opening item in Bharatanatyam, reflecting different
rhythms of the universe
- Nritya combination of abhinaya and
nritta
Karanas
Karanas are the 108 key transitional movements that punctuate Bharatanatyam and
other classical Indian dances. Most of these 108 Karanas have a central, static
pose as a base, i.e. the dancer is usually supposed to stop and maintain it for
a very brief duration (0.5 sec). Read more about Karanas.
Hastas
A distinctive feature of Bharata Natyam Dance is the use of expressive hand
gestures as a way of communication. Hastas refers to the varieties of hand
symbols that a dancer can use. Many of these hand gestures are well known. For
example, Anjali is often used as a salutation when a person greets another
person.
There are two types of Hastas : Asamyuta and Samyuta (single and combined,
respectively).
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